Systemic infections | |
Measles | see Koplik's spots |
Scarlet fever | Strawberry tongue |
Rubella | Petechial lesions on the palate and uvula |
Whooping cough | Traumatic ulceration of the lingual fraenum |
Varicella (chickenpox) | Macular rash with central vesicles; round erosions |
Infectious mononucleosis | Aphthous stomatitis, haemorrhage, ulcerative tonsillitis |
Diphtheria | Pseudomembranous stomatitis |
Syphilis | see Interstitial glossitis (luetic glossitis)Precancerous lesion in the tertiary stage!) |
Immune deficiency syndrome (e.g. AIDS) | |
Herpes simplex | see Herpetic stomatitis |
EBV | see Hairy leukoplakia |
HHV-8 (human herpesvirus 8) | see Kaposi's sarcoma |
Mucosal, skin, and connective tissue disorders | |
Keratosis and dyskeratosis | see Lichen ruber planus, etc. |
see Vesicular dermatoses | Pemphigus vulgaris, Benign mucosal pemphigoid, Exudative erythema multiforme Drug-induced bullous lesions |
Lichenoid dermatoses | E.g. drug-induced lichenoid lesions |
see Collagenosis | Sjögren's syndrome, Scleroderma (progressive, systemic; PSS) |
Haematological diseases | |
Polycythaemia vera | Teleangiectasia |
see Iron-deficiency anaemia and Plummer Vinson syndrome (PVS) | Atrophic glossitis, atrophy of oral and oesophageal mucosa, Symptoms of PVS: dysphagia, angular stomatitis, Oesophageal stricture (Precancerous lesion!) |
Congenital erythropoietic porphyria | Brown teeth (UV: red) |
Pancytopenia, agranulocytosis, acute leukaemia, etc. | Severe stomatitis, necrotic gingivitis, ulcers, haemorrhage |
Thrombocytopathy/thrombocytopenia | Haemorrhage |
Plasmocytoma (solitary or systemic) | Tumour manifestation in tongue, palate, tonsils, lips, gingiva |
Hodgkin's disease | Tumour manifestation mainly in the tonsils |
see Poisoning, adverse effects of medicinal drugs | |
Methaemoglobinaemia | Blue tongue |
Chronic lead poisoning with toxic anaemia | Greyish purple lead line around the necks of the teeth |
Chronic arsenic poisoning | Deposit of melanin (arsenic melanosis) |
Hydantoin | Gingival hyperplasia |
Nicotine | see Black hairy tongue, see Leukoplakia (Precancerous lesion!), see Leukokeratosis |
see Deficiency disorders, avitaminosis | |
Vitamin-A deficiency | Xerostomia, Squamous epithelial metaplasia of the vermilion of the lips |
Vitamin-B12 deficiency | Epithelial atrophy,
Increased vascularisation (Hunter's glossitis) |
Vitamin-C deficiency | Scurvy, haemorrhage, ulcers, Gingival hyperplasia |
Iron deficiency | Xerostomia, Smooth tongue, burning tongue, Dysphagia, Squamous epithelial metaplasia of oral and/or oesophageal mucosa (Plummer-Vinson syndrome, Precancerous lesion!) |
Cachexia | Melanin deposits in skin and mucosa |
Metabolic disorders, endocrinopathies | |
Diabetes mellitus | see Candidiasis, Atrophy of the lingual papillae (atrophic glossitis), frequent (ulcerative) stomatitis, light red mucosal discolouration |
Primary and secondary hypercholesterolaemia, hyperlipidaemia | see Rarely xanthelasma |
Amyloidosis (primary or secondary) | Amyloid deposits in the tongue (macroglossia), as well as in other organs (spleen, liver, kidney), and especially in vessel walls |
Other storage disorders (e.g. glycogenosis, mucopolysaccharidosis, etc.) | Macroglossia, etc. |
Acromegaly | Macroglossia |
Myxoedema | Macroglossia |
see Addison's disease | Bronze discolouration of tongue (melanin deposit) |
Haemochromatosis | Dark-brown tongue (iron pigment deposit) |
Cardiovascular diseases | |
Right-sided heart failure | Congested tongue (purple cyanotic mucosal discolouration, increase in tongue volume) |
Left-sided heart failure | Carmine red discolouration of the tongue without increase in volume |
Other chronic diseases | |
Liver disease | Atrophic glossitis, hyperkeratosis, gingival bleeding |
Renal failure | Pseudomembranous stomatitis |
Diseases of the gastro-intestinal tract | see Chronic recurrent aphthae |